Index
Every molecule we review, A–Z.
The full Aminoscope desk in one list — peptides, GLP-1 medications, and longevity compounds. Each entry links to its evidence-first monograph: what the human data actually shows, and where the marketing runs ahead of it.
Weighing two of them against each other?
149 head-to-head comparisons, graded on the human evidence for the use each molecule is marketed for.
A
- AcarboseApproved diabetes drug; extends mouse lifespan (male-skewed) in the ITP. · Longevity
- Acetyl-L-CarnitineMitochondrial fatty-acid shuttle cofactor with genuine RCT data in three conditions — strongest for depression augmentation, mixed for diabetic neuropathy, unsettled for mild cognitive impairment. · Longevity
- AdipotideFat-targeting peptide; worked in monkeys, but damaged their kidneys. · Peptides
- Calcium AKG (Ca-AKG)TCA metabolite; mouse morbidity-compression, overstated 'younger' headline. · Longevity
- Akkermansia MuciniphilaA mucin-degrading gut bacterium with real human RCT data — but almost all of it belongs to the pasteurized strain, not the live capsules sold as probiotics, and the largest trial missed its primary endpoint. · Longevity
- Alpha-GPCCholinergic nootropic; dementia-era data + an unresolved stroke-risk signal. · Longevity
- Alpha-Lipoic AcidStrong for diabetic nerve symptoms; weight loss trivial; autoimmune hypoglycemia risk in *04:06 carriers. · Longevity
- 5-Amino-1MQNNMT inhibitor; elegant mechanism, no human trials. · Peptides
- AmycretinGLP-1 + amylin co-agonist, oral and injectable; early Phase 1 signal. · GLP-1
- AnastrozoleAromatase inhibitor; raises T in men but off-label and risks bone. · Longevity
- AOD-9604The 'Anti-Obesity Drug' fragment; safe in trials, but failed to beat placebo. · Peptides
- ApigeninChamomile flavonoid; sleep + CD38/NAD⁺ angle, mostly preclinical or via chamomile. · Longevity
- ARA-290 (Cibinetide)EPO-derived innate-repair peptide; small neuropathy trials, investigational. · Peptides
- Argireline (Acetyl Hexapeptide-8)Topical 'Botox in a bottle' peptide mimicking SNAP-25; real mechanism, modest effect, poor penetration — not an injection. · Peptides
- AshwagandhaBest-studied adaptogen; strong RCT evidence for lowering stress and cortisol, a modest testosterone signal, and a rare liver-injury caveat. · Longevity
- AstaxanthinPotent lipid-phase carotenoid antioxidant; decent skin data, but surrogate markers only and small, industry-linked trials. · Longevity
- Astragalus (TA-65)Telomerase activator; cell/animal hype, small industry-linked human data. · Longevity
B
- Beetroot / Dietary NitrateVegetable nitrate; modest real BP and recreational endurance gains — mouthwash kills it. · Longevity
- BenfotiamineSynthetic thiamine prodrug with proven bioavailability and an elegant anti-glycation mechanism — whose best-designed trials keep coming back negative. · Longevity
- BerberineAMPK activator; real glucose/lipid data, not 'nature's Ozempic.' · Longevity
- Beta-GlucanTwo different molecules share the name — the oat/barley fiber has an authorized cholesterol claim, the yeast/mushroom form does not, and the two do not transfer. · Longevity
- BimagrumabAntibody against activin type II receptors; strips fat while adding muscle, but failed its pivotal sIBM trial and is unavailable outside clinical studies. · GLP-1
- BoronNudges free T in tiny studies via SHBG — oversold as a testosterone booster. · Longevity
- BPC-157Body-protection peptide; mostly animal evidence. · Peptides
- ButyrateThe colonocyte's fuel, made from fiber — the open question is whether a capsule ever reaches where it should act. · Longevity
C
- CagrilintideLong-acting amylin analog; the other half of CagriSema, real Phase 2 weight loss. · GLP-1
- CagriSemaCagrilintide + semaglutide; the REDEFINE program. · GLP-1
- CanagliflozinApproved SGLT2 diabetes drug (Invokana); extends median mouse lifespan in the NIA ITP, but only in males — the longevity case rests entirely on mice, not on its real human CV/renal trials. · Longevity
- CardarineNot a SARM — a PPARδ agonist GSK discontinued after two-year rodent tumor findings; prohibited in sport at all times. · Longevity
- CerebrolysinPorcine-brain peptide mixture; weak, mixed evidence, not FDA-approved. · Longevity
- CistancheDesert herb sold for testosterone and memory; one small human RCT of the herb alone. · Longevity
- CiticolineA prescription neuro-drug abroad, a supplement in the US — and its two largest placebo-controlled trials both failed. · Longevity
- L-CitrullineBeats arginine at being arginine — but the ergogenic effect is a few reps, and most labels hide the malate ratio. · Longevity
- CJC-1295 & IpamorelinGH secretagogue peptides. · Peptides
- Collagen PeptidesThe most-consumed peptide; modest RCT support for skin elasticity and joint comfort — but you don't build skin collagen just by eating it. · Peptides
- Bovine ColostrumA mixture, not a molecule — its human evidence is confined to a gut under acute stress. · Longevity
- CoQ10Mitochondrial cofactor; real heart-failure data (Q-SYMBIO), anti-aging use is hype. · Longevity
- CordycepsMild aerobic aid — small VO₂max gains mostly in older or untrained people, null in athletes; cordycepin mechanism is preclinical. · Longevity
- CreatineThe best-evidenced supplement here — strong human data for strength and lean mass, cheap, with a clean safety record. · Longevity
- CurcuminDecent RCT data for joint and arthritis pain, but barely absorbed and a classic assay-fooling (PAINS) compound. · Longevity
D
- DHEAAdrenal prohormone that falls with age; real value in true deficiency (and approved intravaginal prasterone), but a weak anti-aging record. · Longevity
- DihexaAngiotensin-IV–derived nootropic; striking in animals, zero human trials. · Peptides
- DihydroberberineBerberine's absorbable metabolite — better absorption proven, better outcomes never tested. · Longevity
- DSIPDelta sleep-inducing peptide; a famous name, still-unresolved science. · Peptides
- DulaglutideOnce-weekly GLP-1 for type-2 diabetes (Trulicity); cuts A1c and heart risk, but only modest weight loss — not an obesity drug. · GLP-1
E
- EcnoglutidecAMP-biased weekly GLP-1 agonist; NMPA-approved in China, still unapproved in the US. · GLP-1
- Eloralintide, petrelintide, MariTide & VK2735The post-tirzepatide pipeline: two amylin agonists, one GIP antagonist, one GIP agonist — and why only half of them are amylin drugs. · GLP-1
- EnclomipheneRestores testosterone while preserving fertility. · Longevity
- EpitalonTelomerase/longevity claims vs the evidence. · Longevity
- ErgothioneineDiet-derived antioxidant 'longevity vitamin'; strong associations, no outcome RCTs. · Longevity
- ExenatideThe first GLP-1 approved (2005), a synthetic Gila-monster exendin-4; a diabetes drug with a modest weight effect, now superseded. · GLP-1
- Exosome therapyNo FDA-approved exosome product exists; sold widely for hair, skin and joints regardless. · Longevity
F
- Fadogia AgrestisRat-only testosterone and libido data; the same rat studies showed testicular and organ toxicity, and there are no human trials. · Longevity
- FisetinSenolytic flavonoid; potent in mice, unproven in humans. · Longevity
- FollistatinMyostatin/activin antagonist; dramatic muscle growth in animals and gene therapy, no human trials of the injectable peptide. · Peptides
- FOXO4-DRISenolytic peptide; one landmark mouse study (Baar 2017), no human trials. · Longevity
- FucoidanBrown-seaweed sulfated polysaccharide; six small RCTs across six unrelated conditions. · Longevity
G
- GHK-CuCopper peptide for skin and hair. · Peptides
- GHRP-1Original synthetic GH secretagogue; a single dose truly releases GH, but that pulse is a marker, not a proven outcome. · Peptides
- GHRP-2Ghrelin-receptor GH secretagogue; real GH release but cortisol/prolactin + tolerance, no long-term outcomes. · Peptides
- GHRP-6The 'hunger' GH secretagogue; strong appetite effect, real short-term GH pharmacology, no long-term outcomes. · Peptides
- GlutathioneMaster antioxidant; oral raises stores, IV is hype, longevity unproven. · Longevity
- GlycinePennies a day and genuinely palatable; the sleep case is one lab's, the collagen case is mechanism-only, and the lifespan case is a mouse diet you can't replicate. · Longevity
- GlyNACGlycine + NAC to rebuild glutathione; promising but unreplicated. · Longevity
- GonadorelinSynthetic GnRH; real pulsatile-fertility data, but its bolus TRT-adjunct use is unproven. · Longevity
- Gotu kola (Centella)Best human data is for venous insufficiency, not the brain claims. · Longevity
H
- HexarelinPotent GHRP — but raises cortisol/prolactin and desensitizes. · Peptides
- HGH Fragment 176-191GH 'fat-loss fragment'; its cousin AOD-9604 failed human trials. · Peptides
- HMBLeucine metabolite; slows muscle breakdown in catabolic states, not in athletes. · Longevity
- HumaninThe first mitochondrial-derived peptide; real biology, no human trials. · Longevity
- Huperzine AA microgram-dosed acetylcholinesterase inhibitor — pharmacologically a drug, regulated as a supplement. · Longevity
I
- Icariin (Horny Goat Weed)Weak PDE5-inhibiting flavonoid from Epimedium; real mechanism, but bioavailability and human data are thin. · Longevity
- IGF-1 LR3Long-acting IGF-1 analog; real anabolic, untested and risky in people. · Peptides
- IGF-1 DES(1,3)Truncated, more-potent IGF-1 that escapes binding proteins; potent in animals, zero human muscle trials. · Peptides
- InositolFood-derived insulin sensitizer; best case is PCOS, still very low certainty. · Longevity
K
- Kanna (Sceletium)A serotonin-reuptake and PDE4 inhibitor sold as a mood supplement — the interaction risk is the story. · Longevity
- KisspeptinReproductive-axis hormone, unproven as sold. · Peptides
- KlothoLongevity protein; compelling biology, but no validated oral product exists. · Longevity
- KPVα-MSH anti-inflammatory tripeptide; real mouse data, no human trials. · Peptides
L
- LactoferrinIron-binding whey glycoprotein. Best case is tolerability, not potency — and it is heat- and digestion-labile, so processing matters more than the label dose. · Longevity
- LarazotideOral tight-junction ('leaky gut') peptide; celiac Phase 3 missed its primary endpoint. · Peptides
- LGD-4033Ligandrol. 21-day RCT: +1.21 kg lean mass, no strength gain, HDL −39%. Not approved anywhere, WADA-banned at all times. · Longevity
- Lion's ManeNootropic mushroom; a real NGF mechanism but mostly preclinical, with small, short human cognition trials. · Longevity
- LiraglutideFirst-gen daily GLP-1 (Saxenda/Victoza); ~8% weight loss plus a proven heart benefit, now eclipsed by weekly agents. · GLP-1
- Lithium orotateLow-dose lithium supplement; intriguing water-lithium epidemiology, no orotate RCTs. · Longevity
- LL-37Human cathelicidin; real antimicrobial biology, preclinical-only + a double-edged inflammatory side. · Peptides
- Low-Dose NaltrexoneThe 50 mg opioid blocker taken at a twentieth of its dose — real TLR4 biology, a null result in its best trial, and compounded-only access. · Longevity
- LuteolinA dietary flavone with a real mast-cell mechanism and essentially no human evidence of its own — almost every trial tested it inside a combination formula. · Longevity
M
- Magnesium L-ThreonateThe 'brain magnesium' memory claim rests on one 2010 rat study plus one small industry-linked trial; glycinate is fine for repletion. · Longevity
- Matrixyl (Palmitoyl Pentapeptide-4)A collagen-fragment matrikine that signals fibroblasts; small industry-linked topical trials, a modest wrinkle effect, formulation-dependent. · Peptides
- MazdutideGLP-1/glucagon dual agonist; approved in China, investigational in the US. · GLP-1
- Mechano Growth Factor (MGF)IGF-1Ec splice variant, a real load-induced muscle-repair signal in models; injected PEG-MGF has no human trials. · Peptides
- Melanotan IITanning/libido injectable; unapproved, with documented harms. · Peptides
- Melanotan I (Afamelanotide)FDA-approved as the Scenesse implant for rare-disease EPP; the injectable tanning peptide sold online is a different, unregulated product. · Peptides
- MetforminThe longevity-drug candidate — TAME and MILES. · Longevity
- Methylene blueA real drug, not a supplement; hormetic, with a serotonin-syndrome risk. · Longevity
- Milk thistle (Silymarin)The pooled liver benefit disappears in the high-quality trials; the antidote use is intravenous. · Longevity
- MitoQMitochondria-targeted ubiquinone; one real vascular RCT in healthy older adults, a clean negative in Parkinson's, and null kidney/muscle safety trials since. · Longevity
- MK-677 (Ibutamoren)Oral ghrelin mimetic; raises IGF-1, not outcomes. · Peptides
- Molecular HydrogenA real selective free-radical mechanism from 2007 — followed by a positive Parkinson's pilot that failed to replicate twice, and modest, often industry-linked metabolic-syndrome trials. · Longevity
- MOTS-cMitochondrial peptide; real biology, no human data. · Longevity
N
- NAC (N-Acetylcysteine)Glutathione precursor: strong as an acetaminophen-overdose antidote, decent in some psychiatry, weak as a daily antioxidant pill. · Longevity
- NAD⁺ (NR & NMN)NAD⁺ precursors and what the human trials show. · Longevity
- NattokinaseA real fibrinolytic enzyme from natto; small, often industry-linked human trials, and a genuine bleeding risk. · Longevity
- NoopeptPiracetam-analog dipeptide; raises NGF/BDNF in animals, but human data is small Russian trials, and it's not FDA-approved. · Peptides
O
- OrforglipronOral non-peptide GLP-1. · GLP-1
- OstarineThe SARM that got furthest: two phase 3 trials, lean mass up in both, physical function up in neither. Banned in sport at all times. · GLP-1
- OxytocinHeavily studied neuropeptide; robust early social/trust findings largely failed to replicate. · Peptides
P
- P21 (P021)CNTF-derived neurogenic peptide; rodent cognition data only, no human trials, muddled P21/P021 identity. · Peptides
- ParaxanthineCaffeine's main metabolite; promising but small, industry-funded trials. · Longevity
- PemvidutideGLP-1/glucagon dual agonist aimed at preserving lean mass; Phase 2. · GLP-1
- Pentadeca ArginateBPC-157 'successor' (PDA); near-empty direct evidence — benefits extrapolated from BPC-157. · Peptides
- PhosphatidylserineOlder bovine-PS cognition data; the soy form sold today is weaker. · Longevity
- PQQMitochondrial-biogenesis quinone; strong mechanism, small/short human trials. · Longevity
- PregnenoloneUpstream of every steroid hormone, so an oral dose cannot be aimed; the real trials are adjunctive psychiatry. · Longevity
- PT-141 (Bremelanotide)FDA-approved for libido; research-popular. · Peptides
- PterostilbeneMore-absorbable resveratrol analog; human data is thin (two small trials), one showed an LDL rise, and no aging trials exist. · Longevity
Q
R
- RAD-140One human trial ever — a phase 1 breast-cancer study. Zero muscle-building trials, and published cases of drug-induced liver injury. · Longevity
- RapamycinmTOR inhibitor; the PEARL trial. · Longevity
- ResveratrolSpectacular in mice, disappointing in humans. · Longevity
- RetatrutideTriple agonist; the strongest Phase 2 weight-loss yet. · GLP-1
- Rhodiola RoseaAdaptogen with decent short-term RCT data for stress-related fatigue; reviews call it promising but not yet proven. · Longevity
- Rybelsus (oral semaglutide)Oral semaglutide; the PIONEER trials. · GLP-1
S
- SelankNon-benzodiazepine anxiolytic peptide. · Peptides
- SemaglutideWegovy/Ozempic; the benchmark GLP-1. · GLP-1
- SemaxRussian nootropic peptide; raises BDNF. · Peptides
- SermorelinA real GHRH drug vs the anti-aging pitch. · Peptides
- SetmelanotideMC4R agonist (Imcivree) approved for four narrow, genetically or clinically confirmed causes of obesity — not indicated, and not obtainable, for common obesity. · GLP-1
- ShilajitMineral-rich resin; a few small studies, a real purity problem. · Longevity
- SLU-PP-332ERR-agonist 'exercise mimetic'; rodent and in-vitro only, no human data. · Longevity
- SpermidineAutophagy inducer; great story, null RCT. · Longevity
- SS-31 (Elamipretide)Mitochondria-targeting peptide; strong mechanism, mostly mixed trials. · Longevity
- SulforaphaneBroccoli-sprout Nrf2 activator; real RCTs in niches, not aging. · Longevity
- SurvodutideGLP-1/glucagon dual agonist for obesity and MASH; Phase 3 ongoing. · GLP-1
T
- TaurineThe Singh 2023 Science work and the human data. · Longevity
- TB-500 (Thymosin β4)Real dry-eye trials; recovery use untested. · Peptides
- Tesamorelin (Egrifta)FDA-approved GHRH analog. · Peptides
- TesofensineStriking Phase 2 weight loss, with an asterisk. · Peptides
- Testosterone therapy (TRT)FDA-approved for hypogonadism; proven, but often mis-sold for anti-aging. · Longevity
- ThymalinThymic Khavinson bioregulator; longevity claims from unreplicated Russian research. · Peptides
- Thymosin α1Approved immune drug abroad (Zadaxin); not the anti-aging injectable. · Peptides
- TirzepatideMounjaro/Zepbound; dual GIP+GLP-1. · GLP-1
- Tongkat AliLongjack root; standardized extracts modestly raise testosterone and cut cortisol, but effects are small and products vary wildly. · Longevity
- TUDCABile-acid chaperone; real liver biology, but its ALS program failed phase 3. · Longevity
- TurkesteroneMarketed as a 'natural anabolic'; near-zero human turkesterone data, the buzz borrowed from ecdysterone, and product purity is unreliable. · Longevity